Native American Encyclopedia Papoose To Rosebud Reservation

Native American Encyclopedia Papoose To Rosebud Reservation — page 3 — 6 Parker Arthur Caswell Parker Arthur Caswell 1881 1955 was a Seneca Iroquois archeologist history writer and expert on Native American culture He was the first archeologist for the New York State Museum He also helped create the Society of American Indians which educated people about Native Americans In 1925 he became the director of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences In 1935 he became the first president of the Society of American Archeology In 1944 he helped create the National Congress of American Indians an organization dedicated to giving authority back to tribes Parker Cynthia Ann about 1825 about 1871 was the daughter of Texas pioneers Raiding Comanche warriors captured her when she was nine years old A Comanche couple raised her and named her Preloch As an adult she married a chief and they had two sons and a daughter Texas Rangers captured Parker and her baby daughter from the Comanches and brought them to her Texas relatives She tried many times to escape from Texas and return to her Comanche family After one of her sons and then her daughter died of illness Parker followed the Comanche custom of refusing to eat She grew ill and died at the age of 43 See also Comanche Cynthia Ann Parker cut her hair as a Comanche symbol of grief believing that her husband Chief Peta Nocona had been killed by the Texas Raiders who captured her Parker Ely Samuel 1828-1895 was a leader of the Seneca tribe of the Iroquois Nation He worked in a New York law firm for three years He applied to take the bar examination which would allow him to become a lawyer However he was banned from the examination because he was not of European descent Therefore he studied engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy New York and worked as a civil engineer Next he fought in the American Civil War as brigadier general for the Union When the Confederate general surrendered Parker wrote the legal documents of surrender After the war he became the head of the Federal Commission on Indian Affairs from 1869 to 1871

Native American Encyclopedia Papoose To Rosebud Reservation — page 5 — 8 Pawnee Pawnee also known as Paneassa Pari and Pariki is the Native American tribe that once lived in the present-day state of Nebraska Their name refers to the scalp lock worn by the men Before European arrival there were four Pawnee bands Each band had its FACT FILE Language The Pawnee language is a Caddoan branch of the Hokan-Siouan linguistic stock Location They lived along the Platte Loup and Republican Rivers in Nebraska Housing They lived in villages of earth lodges with as many as 30 to 50 people in each lodge While hunting buffalo they lived in tepees Diet The men hunted buffalo and the women grew corn beans pumpkins and squash own village and chief Most of the Pawnee died in the 1800s from European diseases Survivors lost their land in Nebraska through treaties and moved to a reservation in Oklahoma By 2005 the Pawnee population was about 2,500 Customs A chief and medicine man cared for each village The medicine man performed rituals and sacred songs to treat illnesses and prevent food shortages and enemy raids The Pawnee believed in a creator called Tirawahat and in a Sun god and star gods They planted corn based on the position of the stars The Skidi branch practiced human sacrifice during religious ceremonies until the 1840s Interesting Fact During the 1700s the Pawnee allied with the French Together they prevented Spain from expanding onto the Great Plains In 1820 a Pawnee council met with a group of U S Army engineers led by Major Stephen H Long This was the first scientific exploration up the Platte River to study the geography and natural resources of the area

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