To the Ocean Deep

To the Ocean Deep — page 3 — published by Creative Education P O Box 227 Mankato Minnesota 56002 Creative Education is an imprint of The Creative Company www thecreativecompany us design and production by Ellen Huber art direction by Rita Marshall printed by Corporate Graphics in the United States of America photographs by Alamy Wolfgang Polzer World History Archive Corbis Bettmann Visuals Unlimited Fotosearch JupiterImages Getty Images Thomas J Abercrombie National Geographic Ed Clark Time Life Pictures Jack Fletcher National Geographic Fox Photos Emory Kristof National Geographic SSPL Image Quest Marine iStockphoto Mike Bentley Brandon Laufenberg Shutterstock Sergey B Nikolaev TerryM U S Navy Naval Ocean Systems Center Pages 24 25 World Ocean Floor Panorama by Bruce C Heezen and Marie Tharp 1977 Copyright Marie Tharp 1977 2003 Reproduced by permission of Marie Tharp Maps LLC 8 Edward Street Sparkill New York 10976 Copyright 2012 Creative Education International copyright reserved in all countries No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher library of congress cataloging-in-publication data for the hardcover edition Bodden Valerie To the ocean deep by Valerie Bodden p cm Great expeditions Includes bibliographical references and index Summary A history of the bathyscaphe Trieste’s 1960 descent to the bottom of the ocean detailing the challenges encountered the individuals involved the discoveries made and how the expedition left its mark upon the world ISBN 978-1-60818-067-7 hardcover ISBN 978-1-56660-043-9 eBook 1 Trieste Bathyscaphe History Juvenile literature 2 Bathyscaphe History 20th century Juvenile literature 3 Underwater exploration History 20th century Juvenile literature 4 Piccard Jacques Juvenile literature 5 Explorers Biography Juvenile literature I Title VM989 B63 2011 551 46’16458 dc22 2010033416 CPSIA 110310 PO1383 First Edition 246897531

To the Ocean Deep — page 4 — Table of Contents Chapters Mystery beneath the Sea 7 Introducing the Bathyscaphe 17 Into the Deep 27 To the Bottom and Back 35 Trieste Crew Profiles Jacques Piccard 13 Don Walsh 23 Robert Dietz 33 Auguste Piccard 41 Expedition Journal Entries A Small Steel Ball 9 Leave Nothing to Chance 19 This Hadal Realm 29 The Last Great Adventure 37 Timeline 44 Endnotes 45 Selected Bibliography 46 For Further Reading 47 Index 48

To the Ocean Deep — page 5

To the Ocean Deep — page 6 — Mystery beneath the Sea By the mid-20th century explorers had trekked across nearly every landscape on Earth From the mountains of North America to the deserts of Africa the snows of Antarctica to the jungles of Asia people had been there In fact with few unexplored places remaining on Earth humankind was beginning to direct its 7 T o t h e O c e a n D e e p explorations to the heavens But even as many people set their sights on outer space a few enterprising explorers instead began to look to the depths of the oceans Earth’s inner space In 1960 two of those explorers Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh journeyed 35,800 feet 10,912 m to the bottom of the Challenger Deep which had been determined in 1951 to be the deepest point in the world’s oceans Their journey not only set records but it also revealed some of the mysteries of the world hidden beneath the waves In the 1800s artists began imagining what the deepest parts of the ocean looked like based on creatures that were brought up in nets had sailed upon the water for millennia no one had yet discovered what lay under the sea and with no way of descending to the oceans depths cultures around the world developed myths to explain what might be there Many believed that fearsome monsters or sea serpents lurked in the darkest waters of the open ocean Some thought that the oceans were more than 20 miles 32 km deep while others held that they were bottomless Still others said that there was a bottom but that it was ﬂat and monotonous without For centuries before Piccard and Walsh’s descent human beings had pondered what might lie beneath the oceans surface Although people the wide variety of features found above water It was not until the 19th century when the science of oceanography was developed that people

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