The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire — page 3 — THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE GHAZNAVID MATE Korman GHAMPIRE ເpance Rum Seljuq territory c 1100 BYZANTINES EMPIRE Constantinople Annexed from Danishmendids by Nicomedia Tashkont 1174 Nicaea Sinop Tiflis Urgench Annexed from Byzantines by 1182 Konya Kayser Manzikert Bukhara Ghazna Conquests to 1240 LITTLE ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN Boundary of Rum Solluq sultanate Axov Boundary of Rum Solluaus Sea of 5 Gurgan Ghazni Antioch Aleppo Mosul in 1243 Damascus Baghdad KHORASAN Morv 1243 Battle sites with year of battle Cairo Esfahan Jorusalem BAGHDAD CALIPHATE Kerman FATIMID CALIPHATE Basra Shiraz 2 BYZANTINE Great Seljug Medina empire EMPIRE BLACK SEA Mecca ARABIA Great Seljuq 0 protectorates Adrianople 400 mi Sultanate of Sinop 0 600 km Constantinople 1 Marmara Nicomedia Kun Trebizond Nicaea sa lyg Amasya Köse Dag ARMENIA Dorylaeum Ankara Sivas Kemab 1243 Erzurum Erzincan Manzikert CASPIAN Myriocephalon Kayseri Divriği Nu 1071 SEA Ahlatlako Tabriz OLAN Röm Sea of Nicomedia Kura km Sevan Smyrna Ahlat Van Smyrna Konya Konya 1256 Aksaray Malatya Amida 2 Lake LITTLE ARMENIA Tehran Antalya CARME Diyarbakır Antioch 8 Rhodes Aloppo Cyprus Tripoli MEDITERRANEAN SEA 1997 Encyclopædia Britannica Inc Damascus AYYOBIDS BAGHDAD CALIPHATE Baghdad KHWÄREZM EMPIRE 75 150 225 300 mi 160 300 450 km A map shows the Rum sultanate with an inset of the Seljuk empire circa 1080 across all of Asia Minor and most of southeastern Europe During the sixteenth century new conquests extended the empire's domain into central Europe and the Middle East Under Suleyman I ruled 1520 66 the empire achieved a degree of wealth power and grandeur unparalleled in Ottoman history The cus toms and societies of the conquered Islamic empires merged with those inherited from Byzantium and the great Turkish empires of Central Asia reestablishing themselves in forms that persisted throughout the Ottoman Empire and into modern

The Ottoman Empire — page 4 — This depiction of Constantinople created by an Italian cartographer dates 7 to the fifteenth century after the city was captured by the Ottoman Turks

The Ottoman Empire — page 5 — THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE But changes during Suleyman’s reign brought the start of a slow and steady decline Following his death the military took control of the government diminishing the power of the sultanate As the central government weakened many regions in the empire began to act independently displaying minimal loyalty loyalty to the sultan and the state The empire’s weakness was met with a West growing in power and assertiveness assertiveness Ottoman wars with Venice and Vienna in the late seventeenth century preceded decades of conflicts with other European nation-states leading to great losses of territory Russia waged several wars against the empire in the nineteenth century gaining control of the Black Sea The Ottomans survived the Crimean War 1854 56 and the Russo-Turkish War 1877 78 largely with the aid of Western powers including Great Britain France and Sardinia By the early twentieth century the empire was on the brink of collapse Siding with Germany in World War I the empire failed to hold Constantinople and several other strategic areas By 1920 the Ottomans had signed the Treaty of Sèvres which abolished the Ottoman Empire and all rights over its territories in the Middle East and North Africa The Treaty of Lausanne 1923 established the boundaries of the modern state of Turkey The six-hundred-year reign of the Ottoman Empire had come to an end 8

The Ottoman Empire — page 6 — THE EARLY EMPIRE The Ottoman Empire began about 1300 CE when the family of the Turkish warrior Osman gained a foothold in Asia Minor also called Anatolia the peninsula of land that today constitutes the Asian part of Turkey The Osmans established a principality that spread from a small area in northwestern Asia Minor to cover most of the Anatolian Peninsula and much of south-eastern south-eastern Europe At its peak the empire also included large swaths of the Middle East North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula The dynasty that Osman founded was called Osmanli meaning sons of Osman Both the name of the dynasty and the empire it established are derived from Uthman the Arabic form of his name OSMAN AND HIS SUCCESSORS During the eleventh century bands of nomadic Turks emerged from their home in Central Asia to raid lands 9 Chapter 1

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