Native American Encyclopedia Ross, John To Thanksgiving

Native American Encyclopedia Ross, John To Thanksgiving — page 3 — 6 Sacajawea Meet Sacajawea Sacajawea about 1788-1812 also known as Sacagawea meaning Bird Woman helped the Lewis and Clark expedition succeed Hidatsa raiders stole young Sacajawea from her Shoshone tribe They sold her to a French fur trader who took her as a wife Lewis and Clark hired her husband as an interpreter He spoke Hidatsa and French while Sacajawea spoke Hidatsa and Shoshone A member of the expedition spoke French and English so among the three of them they could translate discussions into English for the rest of the group During that winter Sacajawea gave birth to her first child She brought her baby along too Sacajawea’s presence eased the fears of the native peoples they met Tribes did not believe a war party would include a woman and baby When they reached the Shoshone in eastern Idaho she learned that her brother had become chief Through her the expedition bought horses from the tribe She acted as a guide here too After her death Clark adopted her children No records tell of her daughter’s life but her son became a guide trapper and interpreter 1804 Meets Lewis and Clark at Hidatsa Mandan villages August 1805 Reunites with the Shoshone January 1806 Sees Pacific Ocean for first time 1806 Leaves expedition at Mandan villages Sachem or tribal chief served as the leader of a band or village When tribes allied themselves with other tribes to form a confederacy they sometimes selected a grand sachem The grand sachem could simply help bring unity to meetings between the tribal chiefs or could rule as a powerful king might The Powhatan an Algonquian tribe had a grand sachem that acted like a king Sacred sites carry historical or spiritual meaning to the native peoples of North America They may be naturally occurring or man-made They include burial sites of ancestors places where a vision battle or treaty took place places that figure into native legends or ancient ceremonial sites These places continue to hold importance to tribes or bands over centuries

Native American Encyclopedia Ross, John To Thanksgiving — page 5 — 8 Salt Creek Prairie Salt Creek Prairie a raid by Kiowa warriors on a freight wagon train led to their final defeat In 1871 after the Medicine Lodge Treaty’s failure Kiowa leaders Big Tree Satanta and Satank led a raid to Texas from Indian Territory At Salt Creek Prairie they killed seven wagoneers and took supplies and mules After this raid the U S set into motion a plan to break Kiowa resistance using total warfare See also Medicine Lodge Treaty and Satanta Sand Creek Massacre occurred in eastern Colorado in 1864 when John Chivington’s 3rd Colorado Calvary attacked Black Kettle’s village killing about 270 Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho Most were women and children The U S government had earlier promised Black Kettle’s band protection there However Colorado prospectors discovered gold in 1858 and new settlers pressed for more land Chivington acting on his own decision ordered the attack See also Chivington John San Carlos Reservation founded in 1871 became the home of several bands of Apache Located in southeastern Arizona the San Carlos landscape includes desert mountain meadows and pine forests covering almost 1,900,000 acres 769,000 hectares Tourism gaming cattle ranching and peridot mining generate needed income Colored sands poured into patterns form large sandpaintings Sandpainting a custom practiced by some southwestern tribes is believed to have the power to heal As part of certain ceremonies sandpainters sift colored sands and mineral powders on the ground in patterns to form designs with powerful healing elements The Dineh or Navajo include sandpainting in some of their spiritual rituals The world gemstone market gets 80 to 95 percent of its supply of peridot from the San Carlos Reservation

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